Ac Machines Fundamental
Ac generators are electrical machines that convert mechanical energy to an AC electrical energy. There are two types of machines synchronal of generators and initiation ( Asynchronous ) .
Synchronous generators are the machines whose magnetic field current is supplied by a separate DC power beginning.
Basic construct:
In order to understand how AC machines maps let ‘s see a simple cringle of wire revolving within a unvarying magnetic field. The revolving portion of the machine is called “ Rotor ” whereas the stator represents the stationary portion of the machine.
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When the rotor starts revolving a electromotive force will be in induced in the cringle, the electromotive force can be found through the undermentioned expression:
- E ( induced ) = ( VxB ) .L.
- E ( induced ) =Voltage ( Induced )
- V= Tangential speed = rw, where R is the radius from entree of rotary motion out to the border of the cringle and tungsten is the angular speed of the cringle.
- B =magnetic flux denseness vector.
- L = Length of the section with way of the current flow.
In order to find the sum induced electromotive force on the cringle one must analyze each section of the cringle individually and sum all the ensuing electromotive forces, after summing all the electromotive force the induced electromotive force will be:
- E ( induced ) = 2VBLSIN ( theta ) .
With the intent of associating this individual cringle behaviour to the behaviour of a existent AC machine
Theta=Wt, presuming the rotary motion of the cringle is changeless with regard to clip.
V=rw,
Now specifying the maximal flux through the cringle Phi ( soap ) = AB where A = 2rL the country of the cringle.
Hence, the electromotive force of a existent AC machine can be expressed as follows:
E ( induced ) =Phi ( soap ) *w*sinwt.
As it can be noticed from the above equation, the electromotive force in a existent AC machine depends on the 2 factors:
- The flux of the machine
- Speed of rotary motion.
Now presenting a 3rd factor related to the building of the machine. This factor is a changeless depending on the figure of cringles in the twist.
In instance of 3 stage set of spirals the induced electromotive force in each spiral will be:
- E ( aa ‘ ) ( T ) =Nc*Phi*w*sinwt
- E ( bb ‘ ) ( T ) =Nc*Phi*w*sin ( wt-120 )
- E ( milliliter ‘ ) ( T ) =Nc*Phi*w*sin ( wt-240 )
Where Nc represents the figure of bends in each spiral.
Torque induced in a current-carrying cringle
When a current flows in a cringle a torsion will be induced. to find the sum induced torque the undermentioned expression must be used
F=i ( LxB )
I= magnitude of the current in the section
F represents the force on each section.
Now the torsion on each section is given by torsion = Taw = force applied*perpendicular distance = ( F ) * ( rsin ( theta ) )
Where theta is the angel between vector R and F.
After summing up of the torsion on each section the entire torsion induced will be Taw ( induced ) =2rilBsin ( theta )
Note that the maximal torsion will be when the plane of the cringle is parallel to the magnetic field and the lower limit is when it ‘s perpendicular.
The current in the cringle will bring forth a magnetic flux denseness B ( cringle ) = ( Mu*i ) /G
Where G is a factor depending on the geometry of the cringle. Remember that the country of the cringle is A=2rl.
Now the entire torsion induced can be represented as follows
Taw ( induced=K*B ( cringle ) *B ( s ) *Sin ( theta )
Where K is the 3rd factor introduced earlier in the electromotive force depending factors.
K= AG/Mu
Where Mu is the magnetic permeableness.
B ( s ) is the stator magnetic field
B ( cringle ) is the magnetic field generated by the rotor with theta defined to be the angle between them
The entire torsion induced expression will look like the followers:
Taw ( induced ) =K*B ( cringle ) xB ( s )
Therefore as it can be noticed the torsion depends on four factors:
- The strength of the rotor magnetic field, B ( cringle ) or B ( R ) .
- The strength of the external magnetic field, B ( s )
- The wickedness of the angle between them, theta
- Changeless stand foring the building of the machine, K
Now specifying the net magnetic field to be the amount of the rotor and the stator magnetic field outputs to:
- B ( cyberspace ) = B ( R ) +B ( s )
- B ( s ) =B ( net ) -B ( R )
- Taw ( induced ) =KB ( R ) xB ( net ) =KB ( R ) B ( cyberspace ) Sin ( delta )
Where Delta is the angle between B ( R ) and B ( cyberspace ) .
The revolving magnetic field
As showed before, two magnetic Fieldss are present in the machine one produced by the rotor and the other is produced by the stator. The torsion generated in the rotor causes the rotary motion in order to aline both magnetic Fieldss. Therefore, the basic construct of operation of an AC machine is to do the stator magnetic field rotates so that the rotor will be trailing the stator.
The rotary motion of the stator magnetic field takes topographic point when using a 3 stage set of currents each of equal magnitude and differing in stage in 120 grade through a three stage weaving which produces a revolving magnetic field of changeless magnitude. The 3 stage weaving consist in 3 separate twist spaced 120 electrical grades apart around the surface of the machine.
The relationship between electrical frequence and the velocity of magnetic field rotary motion
Lashkar-e-taibas define the electrical velocity in Hertz ( frequence ) Fe and the electrical velocity in radians per 2nd W ( vitamin E ) , besides the mechanical velocity in revolutions per 2nd Fm and in radians per 2nd Wm.
For a 2 poles machine the magnetic poles complete one mechanical rotary motion around the stator surface for each electrical rhythm of the applied current. Therefore, Fe=Fm and We=Wm for a 2 pole machine.
Sing a 4 poles stator twist, a pole moves merely midway around the stator surface in one electrical rhythm. In mechanical gesture the stator moves 180 mechanical grades ; meanwhile 360 electrical grades were completed. As a consequence Theta ( vitamin E ) =2*Theta ( m ) .
In general
Theta ( vitamin E ) =P/2*Theta ( m )
F ( vitamin E ) =P/2*F ( m )
tungsten ( vitamin E ) =P/2*w ( m )
where P is the figure of magnetic poles on an AC machine stator.
With degree Fahrenheit ( m ) =N ( m ) /60 the relationship between the electrical frequence in Hz to the ensuing mechanical velocity of the magnetic Fieldss in revolutions per minute is the followers:
F ( vitamin E ) = ( N ( m ) *P ) /120
AC machines Power Flows and Losses
The efficiency if an Ac machine the ratio between the end product and the input power
N= Pout/Pin * 100 %
The difference between the Output and Input power is called losingss
N= ( Pin – Pout ) /Pin * 100 %
The losingss of an Ac machine is fundamentally divided into 4 classs:
- Electrical losingss
- Core losingss
- Mechanical Losingss
- Stray Load Losses
Electtical losingss in a 3 stage Ac machine is found in Pscl = 3Ia^2Ra ( stator Cu losingss ) where Ia is the current flowing in each armature stage and Ra is the opposition of each one
Prlc=If^2Rf ( Rotor Cu losingss ) where If current flowing in field weaving on the rotor and Rf is the opposition of the field twist.
The nucleus losingss are hysteresis losingss and eddy current losingss found in a motor
Mechanical Losses which are clash and windage
Isolated losingss are taken by convention to be 1 % of full burden accounting for the losingss that can non be placed in any of the above classs.
Voltage ordinance and Speed Regulation
The electromotive force ordinance is the ability of the generator to maintain changeless electromotive force at its terminus as burden varies and it is given by the undermentioned equation:
Vr = ( Vnl-Vfl ) /Vfl * 100 %
Where Vnl and Vfl are the No Load electromotive force and Full Load Voltage severally.
The velocity ordinance is the ability of the generated to maintain changeless shaft velocity as burden varies it is given by:
Sr = ( Nnl-Nfl ) /Nfl * 100 %
Or Sr = ( Wnl=Wfl ) /Wfl * 100 %
Where Nnl and Nfl are the No Load And Full Load shaft velocity severally
And the Wnl and Wfl are the No burden and full burden angular speed severally.
Synchronous Generator
A set of three stage electromotive forces is induced within the stator twist of the generator by a revolving magnetic field. This magnetic field is produced by turning the rotor of the generator utilizing a premier mover. A Dc current must be applied to the rotor twist.
Note that field twists is a term used for the twists that produce the magnetic field whereas armature twist is used for the twists that induce the electromotive force.
In synchronal generator the rotor twist are the field twists and the stator twists are the armature twist.
Since the field twists are located on the rotor so to provide a Dc current 2 ways are suggested:
- Supply the Dc power from an external Dc beginning to the rotor by agencies of faux pas rings and coppices.
Slip rings are metal rings installed on the shaft of the machine but insulated from it. A coppice is block of black lead like C compound that conducts electricity and has really low clash. The coppices are stationary while the rings are revolving and connected to the filed twist so that Dc current can be supplied from an external Dc beginning.
Slip rings and coppices have some disadvantages such as:
- Power losingss when the machine has big field current.
- Increase the sum of care required.
- Supply the Dc power from a particular Dc power beginning mounted straight on the shaft of the synchronal generator.
Brushless exciter is created by put ining a little Ac generator inside the chief synchronal generator. The field twist of the little generator is located on the stator of the chief machine so that the Dc current can be supplied to it straight. Its armature current is so rectified and supplied to the rotor twist ( field weaving ) of the synchronal machine. Now by altering the field current of the little generator the field current of the synchronal machine can be controlled.
Another manner to do the excitement independent from any external power beginning Pilot Exciter is used. It is a little generator with lasting magnet installed on the rotor of them chief synchronal machine. The armature is located on the stator which by rectification supply Dc current for the exciter described above.
The Speed of rotary motion of synchronal generator
The rate of rotary motion is related to the electrical frequence by the undermentioned expression:
Fe= NmP/120
Where Fe = electrical Frequency
Nm = mechanical velocity of mechanical velocity in unit of ammunition per minute
P = Number of poles
this means that the synchronal generator runs at a changeless velocity depending on the figure of poles bing.
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